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Sunday, September 29, 2024
Blog Page 229

Building a Performance Team

Ed McNeely – Peak Centre for Human Performance

Around the time that this article is posted people from all walks of life will be getting ready to immerse  themselves in the grandeur that is the Olympic games. For many this two week festival of sport and human performance is a source of inspiration to take up an activity or resume one that had been left behind for other pursuits.

While the dreams and memories of near flawless performances and the desire emulate heroes and idols drive many people forward very few actually achieve Olympic glory. What does it take to win a medal at the Olympic games?

A gold medal performance requires many factors to come together at the same time, technique, tactics, training, psychology, recovery and nutrition to name a few. Gone are the days when a coach would try to be everything to an athlete, writing programs, planning diets, teaching technique and being a psychologist. Every good coach knows that to bring all these elements together requires a team of professionals who are all dedicated to the same goal.

If you are going to reach your full potential as an athlete, you too need a team to help you. Most performance teams have the following members: Coach, sport physiologist, sport psychologist, strength and conditioning coach, massage therapist, physio or athletic therapist, nutrition specialist and a medical doctor. Many will also have a biomechanist and a sport technologist. If you are not training for the Olympics you may not need all these people but you will need some and the more services you use the better you will perform in the long run. As you put together your performance team here a few things to consider:

 

  • Appoint a Leader – you will be dealing with a lot of different professionals each trying to pull you in a different direction so you need one person to keep the team focused on you and what is in your best interests.
  •  Avoid Egos – those professionals with the big egos who are more interested in self- promotion and marketing often do not play well with others and cannot work as part of a team. You can find good quality people who are also good team players and not looking for personal glory.
  •  Define Roles – too often health care and training professionals overstep the bounds of their scope of practice or feel that they have expertise in areas where they really have no qualifications. Make sure that the leader of your team clearly defines to each member their roles and responsibilities.
  •  Meet in Person – if you are training for a once in a lifetime event or are closing in on a dream goal the best way to get your team moving towards your goal is to have a face to face meeting of everyone involved.

Performance teams are the norm in high performance sport and should be the norm for anyone who is truly interested in reaching their full potential.

___________________________________________________________

PEAK Centre staff have the highest certifications available in Canada for Sport Science. With their combined experience and education, PEAK Centre is at the forefront of practical Sport Science application.

 

 

My Trail Nerds Psycho Psummer Run Experience

By: Sophia Wharton

It was my idea to make the Trail Nerds Psycho Psummer course 3 loops instead of 2. I pushed for it in the days where I was race directing 22 races a year  with Ben Holmes  and I got my way—after all, our Kansas runners love a ten mile race at Wyco.  My brother Philip who is a composer of complex yet often delicate classical music once turned to me in a rehearsal as a trumpet and flute struggled to get their notes to match Philip’s written rhythms. There was nothing delicate about this collaboration.

He looked at me and the notes unfolded.

“It seemed like a good idea at the time.”

And so I give you this 3 loop course at Wyco. What seemed a good idea at the time as a co-race director was rather a different story as a runner.

Here is that story.

There I was towing the start line of the race in my Wave Elixir 7’s. And the 10 mile race was great.  I ran with friends and we chatted. We made new friends and in fact at one point I was leading a party of 14. Five of us crashed through the 10 mile finish in 2:07. The only problem was,  I was signed up for the 50k.

I hate running in the heat. The forecast for the day was for triple digits and even higher heat indexes. As I entered loop two I could feel the sun burning on my skin collaborating with the albatross of loop 3 hanging on my neck.

The course is about 87.4% shaded with the first half mile of each loop a flat, grassy baker.

Here is the course profile:

I entered the woods grateful for the shade and felt an odd shiver.  I looked down and saw goose bumps on my arms and felt a peculiar shiver through my scalp. I knew it was heat exhaustion and I had over 20 miles to go.  There were 3 tough miles to the next aid station and ice, so all I could do was pull back on the pace, which I did. I did not tell anyone of what would become my new running companion for nearly 5 hours.

Kansas isn’t flat. Seriously- there is 1500 feet of elevation change per loop on this course.  Still, because of the plentiful aid stations, many runners choose this as their first Ultra.

An Ultramarathon is anything over 26.2 miles. With a 50k being just about a 10k more, many choose a 50 k as their first ultra distance.  Over the years since my first official ultra, which ironically was the then 2 loop Psycho Psummer of 2008 , I’m asked what’s the difference in training and then why? Why put your body through such torture? I’ll answer the first question in a second- as to the second, I’ve always managed to run close enough to the bright side of the edge that the torture was never very intense.

On a very basic level, the training includes longer long runs (yes, 17  isn’t long-try 24. Thank you very much) and back to back long runs. So 24 on Saturday and a nice 12 to 15 on Sunday.  The purpose of this is to get your legs used to running tired. Some folks up their mileage to 70 to 90 mile weeks. I haven’t trained that way, so I won’t speak to it. I run 40 to 64 and get in a decent amount of back to backs and it works well for me.

Those back to back runs are what bring us back to this race. I’m training for the Leadville 100 and needed Psycho Psummer with its constant ascents as run number one of two for the weekend. Dropping a loop to the 20 due to heat exhaustion just wasn’t an option, as 20 is hardly a long run.

Loop 2 was such an arduous journey. I just couldn’t get dialed into the zone. I was running with a gal named Rochelle who is part of a trail group in Omaha. I was excited to meet her since Omaha is part of my Mizuno territory and it’s always nice when you’re on the road to find like- minded runners to hit the trails with.

“I keep trying to tell myself that this is a race not a long run and I need to keep running even when I want to walk. You know you can always run just a little more than you think you can. But I can’t find my ZONE.”

We started walking up all the hills. Another aspect of ultra running, is how quickly and effectively hiking can get you to your destination and how much ultra runners walk in races.  But my legs were stiff and I continued to dread the final loop. Psychologically, these two shorter loops seemed just as long as the two longer ones. Do you know the feeling you get when you send a letter or email and just want to jump into the mailbox and get it back?  I wanted to shake the race director and say “I’m sorry, it was a terrible idea. Please just put the course back the way it was.” Unfortunately the new medals had just been cast, with 10-20-50k on them, and even had a bottle opener feature on the bottom the RD was very pleased with. The race will stay the same until those medals are gone.

By the time I got to my ultra-buddy Erica’s aid station, I felt depleted.

“Hot enough out there for you?” She was teasing and chipper.

The sound that came out of my mouth was a combination of a sigh and growl.

“Just get me some ice.”

Her demeanor instantly changed.

“I’ve got it. Coke? Anything else?” Erica knows me well and has shared many a joke and light moment. She knew at that moment, I had lost my sense of humor. Fortunately, she didn’t know I was pushing the red zone of heat exhaustion.  I was having an affair with heat exhaustion, and when you’re having an affair, sometimes you can’t even tell your best friend.

Erica would see her share of suffering. One guy on the ground, blue in the lips and ultimately headed to the ER, while another sat on a bench vomiting.

The next section is a testament to trail building mediocrity. Single track that is wound so tight, you can barely get some steam on the down. I found myself behind runners who couldn’t even take advantage of what little this trail offers. I awkwardly passed. The worst part is that trail drops you at the bottom of a dam. There runners trudge the wobbly, sideways, grass surface, crossing two , two foot drainage ditches, all at an angle similar to a solar oven.  My group of now 3 climbed up and headed into the shade, where there was yet another hill.

I shivered.  I watched Rochelle enjoy a second wind. I climbed another hill. I cursed the dreaded 3rd loop. And I ran with Luke.

“I want to run with the Mud Babes.” Luke was referencing the women’s group within the Trail Nerds that I founded. It was his first 50k.

“Sophia, I remember hearing you say that the best way to finish an ultra is to go out for the final loop.”

While I wouldn’t admit to the heat exhaustion I did admit responsibility for the 3 loop course.

“It’s my fault. This course is three loops because of me.”

The last 4 miles to the finish had 2 aid stations.  What seemed excessive on the first loop, became a lifesaver on number 2. The last mile and a half into the finish is a section everyone calls “3 hills.” On the first loop, I agree, but by loop two it seemed more like 4.

Loop 2 complete in 2:26.

For the final loop my plan was to pull back even further, suffer through and just hike it if I had to. I started to climb the first hill and noticed something interesting to accompany my shivers. My walking was no longer stiff. It was smooth, quick and powerful and I passed Rochelle going uphill.

“Ah Sophia, you’re in the zone.”

I work for a Japanese company and admire their culture greatly. So much so, I’ve made up my own Japanese philosophy. It’s called OYO (pronounced oi-YO, with a real emphasis on the second syllable.)

It stands for On Your Own, but can only be used when you are successful and content on your chosen journey.  I shout it out often as a cheer with my friends and for myself. I started a rhythmic journey of quick climbing and doing what I do best in races which is to make myself run just a little more than I think I can. Not run faster or harder, run more often and steadier.  Alone with my thoughts and nature, I was happy-and also better able to monitor whether the shivers were getting worse and if any other symptoms of heat exhaustion were entering the mix.

As I approached the solar oven for the third time, I was baking- I started to wonder if runners ever wear those umbrella hats and if it would help. I wanted to walk the whole way- OYO or not. Instead I deployed a method I’ve used often when pacing others which I call 50 – 50’s. 50 steps walking, 50 steps running. Over and over until the uphill.  Like many of the ups at Wyco, this one plateaus. Cresting the top all I wanted to do was walk more. I made myself run the 50 steps, reminding myself it really doesn’t hurt anymore to run than to walk.

I felt the creepy shiver like a wraith’s breath on my hot neck, but a new emotion had developed which goes with the Zone and OYO. Determination to at least finish under 7 hours. To do this, I knew I had to run every runnable portion and continue moving on the ups.

3 hills blossomed. I think I counted the third hill 3 times. Was this a joke? My legs now ached and I started to wonder how I’d make it through the Leadville 100. And the clock was ticking.

After the actual final hill, there was again a plateau, this time in the sun. I was truly feeling gross and reminded myself that pain is temporary and glory is forever. However, I also knew I was skirting a trip to the ER and wondered why I couldn’t hear the finish line. Turns out it was pretty hot there too and no one was making much noise.

After crossing the finish, I unleashed my dirty little secret.

No I didn’t want beer or a hot dog. I wanted ice on the back of my neck, under the knees, on top of the knees. It took 3 people with ice in both hands for 20 minutes to cool down my core. I’m told temperatures reached 104 (had the kind volunteer told me any lower than 98, I was going to punch someone.) I had run in the danger zone for 5 hours. One of the volunteers helping me was Megan Moriarty who is crewing me at Leadville 100.

“Megan- this is the worst I’ve ever been in an ultra. If I end up here when we’re there, we are in trouble.”

Heat is not for beginners and often not for experienced runners either. I ran in the danger zone for just under 5 hours. I could call it stupid.  You could call me an idiot- but I can’t emphasize enough how completely in tune and engaged I was with everything my body was going through and how often I checked in and made adjustments to keep myself safe. Still, it was worse than any final 30 miles of the two 100’s I have completed.

My finish time was 6:54:21. My third loop- the one I dreaded the most… 2:19. 7 minutes faster than loop 2- and that my friends is good running. It is also good living and a good philosophy. Confront your fears head on and the results may surprise you.  Loop 3- I own you. I love you and will never let you go, and although I’ve never been much for medals, since this one has the bottle opener, I love you too. It’s found its way into my kitchen drawer.  OYO!

How to Prepare for a Major Race: Canadian Women’s 800m Olympians

Bishop (Ottawa Lions, second from left) and Smith (British Columbia, second from right) securing their spots for the London Games at the Canadian National Track & Field Championships in Calgary, Alberta.  Photo courtesy of Andre Francois.

By: Nikki Reiter

How do you prepare for the race of your life?  It takes the right combination of both mental and physical preparations to get to the starting line in the best possible state on race day.  Instead of consulting a researcher for expertise on this topic, I went right to those who know how to do it best: the elite athlete.  Melissa Bishop (Eganville, Ontario) and Jessica Smith (North Vancouver, British Columbia) are in the midst of the season of a lifetime.  Both have recently joined only two other Canadian women in history by dipping below the two minute barrier for the 800 m and have since qualified for the Olympic Games in London this summer.

After making some big leaps in their performances this past year, both Bishop and Smith realized that something bigger than new PB’s (personal bests) could possibly happen this outdoor track season.  Although Bishop’s sights were set on London earlier this spring after an eye-opening 2:02.09 indoor performance in Ottawa, Smith explains that after hitting the 2:01 mark multiple times this spring season she was confident that she’d be running fast come June.  After the Prefontaine Classic in Oregon on June 2nd, where Bishop ran the Olympic ‘A’ Qualifying Standard, Smith wasn’t far behind, and explains “I realized after the Prefontaine meet that running under the Olympic A standard was a realistic goal and I ended up running it a week later at the Harry Jerome Track Classic in Burnaby, BC.”

Heading into the Olympic Trials, there was a new spotlight being shone on women’s 800 m as these two rising stars had been running faster every week.  Attention was being directed to this race as multiple women entered in the event had either the A and/or B standard (including eventual National Champion Lemlem Ogbasilassie and veteran Diane Cummings) and could realistically qualify for the Games if they finished top three, with the qualifying standards.  Bishop and Smith definitely had some pre-race jitters through the qualifying heats and final.  Bishop shared: “My dreams were literally on the line.  There was no outside pressure, just pressure I put on myself that I wanted to do this.  Once I got to the start line I had calmed down, but looking back on it now I can see how easily my nerves could have taken over and perhaps ruined things.”  Knowing how to keep their cool was maintained by following their normal pre-race routines.  For example, Bishop likes to give her mind a break from the upcoming competition by spending time with family and friends.

Physically, the women had to make sure they were in top shape to secure their top three spot.  The week leading into the Trials, workouts included important intensity sessions to be sharp, and reduced easy mileage to be fresh for racing.  Smith explains that pre-race preparations need to be flexible, “I don’t have a specific routine because each race environment is different and you have to adapt to each situation as they present themselves.”  Smith adds that finding her preferred pre-race meal (pasta) is always a comforting factor.  Leading into the trials, Bishop credits her success to keeping things low-key with family.  “They are not involved in the track scene whatsoever.  This way, my mind wasn’t constantly enthralled with track related topics.  I think it was a smart decision to remove myself from that leading into trials.”

When asked how they deal with the outcome of a race, good or bad, Smith is level headed. “Competing in track […] is challenging because there are more races that are disappointments than those that you can celebrate, but that is just the nature of sport. [However,] when I race well, the feeling of excitement and success is so gratifying that it makes all the disappointments worth the effort and it is kind of a celebration in itself.”  Both women are willing to take the good with the bad.  Smith says “when I have a bad race usually I try to focus on the specific things that I can improve either by working on it in training or in future races.”  Bishop agrees, indicating that “it’s important in those races to really sit down and see what you can learn from them and not to dwell on them too long. There will be other races.”   Both agree that staying positive isn’t too hard with the encouragement they receive from their massive support networks.

And finally, when asked about their upcoming participation in the Olympic Games, the women are ready to have the race of their lives.  Smith added, “I am also eager to meet other exceptional athletes from all over the world and take in the atmosphere of the Olympic stadium that will be filled with so much energy and athletically talented individuals.”  Bishop is still stunned at the support she is receiving from her family and friends to pursue her dream, “I’m very excited to get home after my season is done to see all of those supporters and thank them.”

Watch for these women running the 800 m in London on CTV http://www.ctvolympics.ca/results-schedules/day=2012-08-08/grid.html starting on August 8th.

Quick Biographies

Name: Melissa Bishop

Age: 23

Current City: Windsor, Ontario

University Attended: University of Windsor

Coach: Dennis Fairall

Club: Ottawa Lions

Occupation: Athlete

I run because I enjoy it.

 

Name: Jessica Smith

Age: 22

Current City: North Vancouver

University Attended: Simon Fraser University

Coach: Brit Townsend

Club: Valley Royals

Occupation: Athlete, but involved part-time with the following organizations: Friends of Simon Tutoring Project, SFU Track and Field Camps, Strathcona Lions Track and Field Outreach Program

I run because it’s fun, challenging, and an opportunity to meet great people and travel the world.

Happy Running!

***

Nikki Reiter holds a master’s degree in biomechanics and is a Mizuno Running Brand Ambassador and the Women’s Cross Country Running Head Coach at the University of British Columbia Okanagan campus in Kelowna, BC. She is also the Laboratory Coordinator in the School of Health and Exercise Sciences at UBC Okanagan where she facilitates undergraduate laboratory learning.

Cross Training

Ed McNeely – Peak Centre for Human Performance

Cross training gained popularity in the early 1980’s primarily because of the sport of triathlon.  Now athletes in most sports practice some form of cross training. While strength training, by some definitions, can be considered cross training, for the purpose of this article I will limit the discussion to aerobic training .

Criticism of Cross Training

One of the most important principals of training is call the Specificity of Training Principal. This principal states that performance improvements are specific to the type, speed, duration, and range of motion of an activity. This explains why being a world class runner doesn’t make you a world class swimmer. I guess the simplest way of putting it is “you get what you train for”.

Cross training, by it’s very nature, breaks the principal of specificity. When cross training you are using very different muscles and methods of training than you would rowing. There are some coaches and scientists who will say non-specific training will not enhance sport specific performance and may even detract from it. In fact I have heard this argument taken to the point of suggesting that treadmill running is not a good form of training for runners because it does not simulate the running stride exactly.

While I am a big advocate of the idea that you get what you train for many people take this idea too far. Cross training can be an important part of a training program if you know what you will get from it and how to use it.

 

Benefits of Cross Training

There are many benefits that cross training affords which far out weigh the fact that it isn’t running specific

1.       Breaks up the Monotony

This is the most obvious benefit for anyone who has had to endure a long winter of indoor running. Getting outside for a change of scenery or even training in another location can psychologically make the training session seem much easier. I’ve heard many runners complain that they have trouble doing a long continuous treadmill session even though they are capable of running outdoors for a longer period of time at a higher intensity. This is the boredom factor. When you are bored or not enjoying the session even the slightest discomfort can be magnified making the training session feel much worse than it really is. This will often lead to skipped sessions and a decrease in overall training volume, which isn’t good for your progress.

2.                 Prevention or Rehab of  Injury

Repetitive movement patterns can cause  muscles to shorten, flexibility to decrease, and strength imbalances to develop. This leads to improper movement technique and eventual injury. The repetitive nature of running, and inadequate strength and flexibility programs, are the chief causes of injury in runners.  Increasing the volume of cross training can eliminate the repetitive stress of running, improve flexibility, and help reestablish muscle symmetry.

Injured athletes can use cross training as a means of maintaining fitness when they can’t do their primary sport. I have seen many elite rowers who have improved their aerobic base dramatically as a result of a back injury. During the time when they can’t row they end up doing a high volume of biking or swimming. Often the total number of hours they spend cross training ends up being more than they would have done on water. In addition, they are removed from the competitive environment and pay more attention to training at an appropriate intensity for base building.

3.                 Develops other Muscle Fibers

For every movement a particular set of muscle fibers and motor units are activated. When the movement is changed the muscle fibers used will also change i.e. the muscle fibers used for running are different than the ones used in cycling.

Slow twitch muscle fibers can use the lactate produced by other muscles as an energy source and acts as a compliment to carbohydrate stores. When cross training at the appropriate intensity the slow twitch fibers that are not involved in the running stride become trained and more efficient at using lactate for energy. This means that you will be able to use up more of the lactate produced during racing and delay the onset of fatigue by delaying carbohydrate depletion.

 

Incorporating Cross Training

Cross training can and should be incorporated into a training program all year round. The amount of cross training you do will depend on your total training volume and the time of year.

 

How Much Cross Training?

During the long cold winter months a recreational runner can have as much as 50% of their total training volume come from cross training. During the summer months that volume should be reduced to no more than 10%. If you are training six hours per week, during the winter you could do as much as three hours of cross training per week. During the summer months you would only want to do 35-40 minutes per week. These numbers obviously increase as your training volume increases. Some cross training should be done all year round otherwise you will lose the effects of the cross training done over the winter.

How Hard Should I Train?

Since you are trying to use the slow twitch fibers and improve their ability to use lactate, cross training should be low intensity. You should be able to carry on a normal conversation with a training partner when cross training. At lower intensity the improvement in slow twitch fibers will have a positive impact on your running performance. Cross training at higher intensity has very little or no impact on running performance and may even be detrimental.

What Should I Do?

The best type of cross training is the activity that you enjoy the most. Since many of the benefits of cross training come from the psychological break from a routine enjoyment should be the first consideration. Apart from enjoyment here are a few things to keep in mind.

Swimming is a great upper body cross training workout. Daily walking helps maintain lower body fitness. The addition of swimming once a week to a winter program will help prevent upper body detraining and add anew dimension to your running performance.

Cycling is one easy on the joints and can also be used as transportation to and from the boathouse. Other than the cost of a bike and traffic problems, there is very little drawback to cycling as a form of cross training for runners.

Cross-country skiing is a popular alternative for those in snowy regions. It provides a nice mix of upper and lower body training while being joint friendly. Classical skiing is a better option for the running than skating. Skating can cause strength imbalances in the hips and shoulders, which may compromise running technique or lead to chronic injuries.

While the fitness improvements that you get from cross training are not the same as from running , keeping some low intensity cross training in your program all year long may give you that extra little edge everyone is looking for.

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PEAK Centre staff have the highest certifications available in Canada for Sport Science. With their combined experience and education, PEAK Centre is at the forefront of practical Sport Science application.

Every run is a work of art…

I enjoy motivational quotes. In the “old days” when they were at the bottom of emails they were fun, but now, you can see dozens of them every day if you’re on Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, or just about any other place on the internet – often done as a picture rather than just words.  I try not to get too carried away with sharing them so I don’t annoy everyone into hiding my updates, but I have varying degrees of success.

Every now and then, a quote floats by that positively resonates with me.  It eloquently, yet concisely articulates a thought or feeling that I could not have said better myself.  Of course, when I see those, I feel the need to deconstruct why it resonates for me and completely remove the eloquence and concision that made me love it in the first place.

I stumbled across one of these the other day, credited to Dagny Scott Barrios:

Every run is a work of art, a drawing on each day’s canvas. Some runs are shouts and some runs are whispers. Some runs are eulogies and others celebrations. When you’re angry, a run can be a sharp slap in the face. When happy, a run is your song. And when your running progresses enough to become the chrysalis through which your life is viewed, motivation is almost beside the point. Rather, it’s running that motivates you for everything else the day holds.

 

I wanted to share it with you because today is the eve of my 8th Runnerversary – that is, I took up running for the final time 8 years ago tomorrow – and it really articulates where I am with my running.

I will not, however, succumb to the compulsion to deconstruct it – at least not until someone comments below and I can’t stop myself from jumping into the discussion!

Cheers to you all, and Happy Running!

Staying Safe on Mountain Runs

Going for a run in the mountains can be one of the most rewarding experiences, but it can also be a bit scary if you’re not adequately prepared.  Taking a page out of some of the gear requirements for various mountain races I do, this is a suggested list of things to pack along.  If you do it right, these can all fit in your hands or a small waist belt or hydration pack.

  • Water – definitely take water for any run or hike that is more than an hour.  You never know where you’ll be able to find water on the trail (likely nowhere unless you don’t mind drinking from streams) so it’s good to have a supply.
  • Bear Spray – if you’re in the western mountains you can’t go wrong with a can of bear spray.  Make sure you get somebody to explain how to use it safely.  This is normally a last resort in case you encounter a bear, cougar or other animal that is being aggressive so this will be something you carry and hope to never use.
  • First Aid Kit – I normally take a mini kit that includes a knife, space blanket and a bit of gauze or something.
  • Hat and jacket – It’s great to get a mini hat and jacket that you can pack along.  When you get into the mountains the weather will change with elevation and may also change unexpectedly – it’s just good to be prepared!

***

Born in Nova Scotia and emigrating to British Columbia via Ontario and Alberta, Magi has been running the entire way. Primarily defined as a cross country ski racer, Magi has competed nationally and internationally in that sport. The highlight of her career was competing in the World University Games and the World Cup races in Canada in 2007. Cross country skiers rely heavily on running for cross training and Magi has become an accomplished trail and mountain runner, representing Canada at the World Mountain Running Championships in 2005 and the winning numerous national championships medals.

Today Magi runs for fun… and it’s a lot of fun! Epic mountain runs, city cruises with friends, and more keep her happy and occupied outside of work and school.

 

Tapering

Ed McNeely – Peak Centre for Human Performance

For many athletes a year of training comes down to one major race when strength, skill, speed, endurance and tactics all need to come together at the right time. The final preparation for competition is both an art and a science, requiring an understanding of the physiological changes that are occurring and the skills to manage the psychological and emotional state of an athlete as they near the culmination of a hard year of training.

 The Training Process

The objective of training is to induce physiological, psychological, technical and mechanical changes in an athlete so that performance improves. Training is often thought to follow a simple process based on Hans Selye’s general adaptation syndrome where a training session creates a stress that results in fatigue and subsequent decrease in performance. If sufficient time is allowed, this is followed by a recovery period and then adaptation. Performance improvements occur incrementally as this cycle is repeated session by session. While this is an attractive model it doe not account for the varying rates of recovery and adaptation experienced by different body systems and tissues.

 

The fitness fatigue model of training response suggests that for each training session there are both fitness and fatigue after effects. During stressful periods of training with inadequate recovery fatigue accumulates over time, masking the full extent of the underlying physiological and performance adaptations. When the training stress is removed or decreased, there is a delayed training effect where the body continues to adapt as fatigue dissipates, allowing the full fitness effect of the training period to be realized.

This phase of training is called a taper and has been defined as a period of progressively reduced training volume that usually lasts from seven to 21 days prior to the year’s major competition.

 Designing a Taper

Not every athlete will benefit from a taper. Novices, in technical endurance sports like kayak, canoe, rowing and swimming, who have limited training experience will not see much improvement from a taper. Novice athletes will probably benefit more from a continued higher volume of training leading into a race followed by 1-2 days off just prior to the race. This is because many novices haven’t mastered the technical skills of the sport to the point that they are going to be limited by their fitness. A higher volume of skill and tactical work leading into a race will probably pay bigger performance dividends than a taper.

Endurance athletes who are training less than four hours per week will not benefit much from a true taper. These athletes can take a day or two off immediately before a race and be sufficiently recovered to race at their best.

 

Choosing Races

Choosing your races for the year is one of the first steps in designing your training program. Tapers can be used before most competitions or important tests that are part of team selection make judicious use of tapers using one major taper, 1-2 moderate tapers and no more than 2-3 minor tapers per year. Tapering more frequently than this will decrease yearly training volume to the point that performance may be negatively affected.

If there are going to be more than six races per year, treat the extra races as hard training sessions. Focus on a specific technical, or tactical aspect of the race rather than just wins and losses. Learning about your ability in different parts of the race will help you refine your training program and let you create a better race plan for your major competition.

 Minor Taper

The minor taper is used prior to tests and less important races like club events that aren’t used as qualifiers for bigger events. The design of the minor taper depends on normal training volume. Athletes who are training 6-10 hours per week will take one day completely off before the test or race, those training 10-15 hours per week will use a three day taper, and those training more than 15 hours per week will use a five day taper. A typical minor taper looks like the following:

Taper

Day 1

Day 2

Day 3

Day 4

Day 5

Day 6

1 Day

OFF

Race

3 Day

OFF

2 x 15 min at 5% faster than race pace,  20 minute easy steady state

3 x 10 min at 5% faster than race pace, 20 minute easy steady state

Race

5 Day

4 x 10 minutes at race pace

45-60 minute steady state

2 x 20 min at 3% faster than race pace, 20 minutes easy steady state

2 x 15 min at 5% faster than race pace,  20 minute easy steady state

3 x 10 min at 5% faster than race pace, 20 minute easy steady state

Race

 Moderate Taper

The moderate taper is used for secondary races, those races where a good performance is needed in order to qualify for an upcoming event. These races should be races where an athlete is confident of their ability to perform well even if they are not fully rested. Moderate tapers should be spread throughout the year with the final one coming 4-6 weeks before the start of the major taper. This final moderate taper is not only preparation for a race but it is a learning experience that will improve the major taper, providing information on how the athlete responds to a decreased training volume and increased intensity. Athletes who are training 6-10 hours per week will use 3-5 days for a moderate taper, those training 10-15 hours per week will use a 7-10 day taper, and those training more than 15 hours per week will use a 10-14 day taper. The design of the moderate taper will follow the recommendations below for the major taper.

Keep careful and detailed records of the training sessions, feelings of recovery, muscle soreness and athlete confidence so that the information can be used in the design of the year’s major taper.

 Major Taper

The major taper is used prior to the year’s major competition. Because of it’s duration the major taper can only be used once a year

 Duration

Since the training stimulus is greatly reduced during a taper, the duration of the taper can have an impact on the magnitude of performance improvements. Within 1-4 weeks of stopping training highly trained athletes start to show decreases in some aspects of performance possibly due to a “loss of feel” during training and competition

For those who are training more than four hours per week the major taper needs to be planned according to work volume. Based on our experience we have developed the table below to provide guidelines for the duration of a taper based on the number of hours per week of training.

 

Training Hours/Week

Major Taper

6-10

7 days

10-15

14 days

15+

21-30 days

 

Volume

A substantial decrease in training volume is one of the characteristics of a taper. In studies of distance runners, (Houmard et al., 1990, 1991) found that 800m and 1600m running times were improved following a decrease in training volume of 70% over a three-week period. Houmard (1994) found an increase in running economy and a 3% improvement in 5km run time following a seven-day 85% decrease in training volume. There is a relationship between the amount of volume decrease and performance improvements during a taper. If training volume is not sufficiently reduced there appears to be no improvement in performance.

During a taper training volume will decrease by 70%-90%. In other words if an athlete is normally training 10 hours per week and will be doing a 7 day taper they will only train 3 hours that week. Keep in mind that the decrease in volume should not be accomplished in one step; rather volume is decreased progressively throughout the taper.  Zarkadas et al. (1994) found an 11.8% improvement in 5km run times following a 10-day progressive taper but only a 3% improvement in performance using a step taper. Houmard et al. (1990) found no improvement in performance following a three-week step taper. Progressive tapers seem to have a greater impact on performance than step tapers. This is probably due to detraining effects that occur when the rapid volume decrease used in step tapering is maintained for an extended period of time. While a progressive taper is the obvious choice for the major competition of the year, a step taper may be better for minor and moderate tapers where the taper duration is less than 10 days.

If you are doing a longer taper you may want to consider the following progression

Table 3: Progressive taper changes in volume
Training Volume Taper Week 1 hours Taper Week 2 hours Taper Week 3 hours
6-10 Decrease by 70% —– —–
10-15 Decrease by 45% Decrease by 70%
15+ Decrease by 30% Decrease by 50 % Decrease by 70%

 

 Frequency

The reduction of training volume in a taper should not occur as the result of drastic changes in training frequency. The decrease in volume is accomplished by decreasing the duration of each workout. Researchers have found that reducing training volume (80 to 90%) through cutting frequency by 50 to 85% resulted in decreased swim power after only seven days of tapering. Studies in which tapering has resulted in improved performance have typically decreased frequency by 20 to 50%. The reasons why a reduction in frequency causes a decrease in performance are unclear, but may be related to decreased technical efficiency. As frequency of technical work is decreased there may be some loss in technique that ultimately affects performance.

Intensity

Intensity increase throughout the taper as the training volume decreases. A study that compared high intensity and low intensity tapers found that the physiological responses to the two tapers were similar but only the high intensity taper group showed an increase in performance. Steady state pieces are gradually replaced with higher intensity intervals and short sprints. By the final week almost all the training will be done at or above anaerobic threshold. A final week of a major taper may look something like this;

 

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
40 minutes easy steady state 4 x 5min  above AT, 10 minutes rest between 5 x 2 min at VO2 max, 30 minutes easy steady state OFF 4-6 x 250 m sprints with 10 minute easy between 4 x 2 min above  race pace, 5 minutes between RACE

 

The sprint work in the last two days is as much a psychological factor as it is a physiological factor. Sprints will give the athlete feelings of speed, power, and confidence that they can take with them into race day. This means it is important to have a good final training session that leaves the athletes energized not fatigued. Ideally these final training days are done on the race course so that the athlete has time to familiarize themselves with the course.

 Conclusion

A taper should be practiced at least once before the major competition of the year. It is not necessary to practice a full 21 day taper but the final week must be tried at least once, during a less important competition. This will provide the opportunity to adjust the taper to individual needs and experiment with different combinations of intervals and sprints during the final week.

References

  1. Houmard, J., J.P. Kirwan, M.G. Flynn, and J.B. Mitchell. Effects of reduced training on submaximal and maximal running responses. Int. J. Sports Med. 10: 30-33. 1989.
  2. Houmard, J., D. Costill, J.B. Mitchell, S.H.Park, R.C. Hickner, and J.N. Roemmich. Reduced training maintains performance in distance runners. Int. J. Sports Med. 11: 46-52. 1990.
  3. Houmard, J. Impact of reduced training on performance in endurance athletes. Sports Med. 12: 380-393. 1991

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PEAK Centre staff have the highest certifications available in Canada for Sport Science. With their combined experience and education, PEAK Centre is at the forefront of practical Sport Science application.

What I Write About When I Write About Running (Part 1)

“And runners can detect each notch in the seasonal shift in the feel of the wind against our skin, its smell and direction.  In the midst of this flow I’m aware of myself as one tiny piece in the gigantic mosaic of nature.  I’m just a replaceable natural phenomenom, like the water in the river that flows under the bridge towards the sea.”  Haruki Murakami

VICKY:  How are you enjoying summer running or are you still swimming?

GRANT: Both, in fact.  My outdoor swim season has begun, but I’m also enjoying the trails of the Gatineau Park.

VICKY:  Oh right, you run with Dave and Lise’s group from Natural Fitness Lab.

GRANT: Yes, last night I actually got to spend most of the evening running with Lise (9 time National Champion in X-country skiing and two time Olympian amongst other achievements).  Lise gave me some advice on dealing with the horrible seasonal allergies I’ve been dealing with…. and we also talked about body position and cadence on hills.

VICKY: I’ll let Lise teach you about running, but remember my advice on allergies: two tablespoons of honey per day and you’ll be fit as a fiddle!  Now tell me about what you’re reading these days.

GRANT: Ah yes. I’m reading a fantastic book by Haruki Murakami called “What I talk about when I talk about running“.  The Guardian calls him “among the world’s greatest living novelists”.   In addition to being a great novelist, Murakami is also a damn good marathoner, ultramarathoner and triathlete.

VICKY: Really? I’ve never heard of him. Have you read any other books of his?  What made you want to read this one?

GRANT: Well I haven’t read any of his other books, but he came highly recommend by my buddy James Long who is a great theatre actor and producer currently working through Theatre Replacement in Vancouver.  Murakami’s books are truly beautiful and he has a cult following in Japan and around the world.  The book is almost dreamlike and meditative and based on journals he has kept about running.  It’s great to read a book in which someone thinks philosophically about running and how it has shaped them.  Witness this passage:

“Especially for someone in my line of work, solitude is, more or less, an inevitable circumstance.  Sometimes, this sense of isolation, like acid spilling out of a bottle, can unconsciously eat away at a person’s heart and dissolve it.  You could see it, too, as a double-edged sword.  It protects me, but at the same time steadily cuts away at me from the inside.  I think in my own way I’m aware of this danger- probably through experience- and that’s why I’ve had to constantly keep my body in motion, in some cases pushing myself to the limit, in order to heal the loneliness I feel inside and to put it in perspective.  Not so much as an intentional act, but as a instinctive reaction.  Let me be more specific.  When I”m criticized unjustly (from my viewpoint, at least), or when someone I’m sure will understand me doesn’t, I go running for a little longer than usual.  By running longer it’s like I can physically exhaust that portion of my discontent.  It also makes me realize how weak I am, how limited my abilities are.  I become aware, physically, of these low points.  And one of the results of running a little farther than usual is that I become that much stronger.  If I am angry, I direct that anger towards myself.  If I have a frustrating experience, I use that to improve myself.  That’s the way I’ve always lived.  I quietly absorb the things I’m able to, releasing them later, and in as changed a form as possible, as part of the story line in a novel.”

VICKY: Isn’t this what we really want from running?  In different ways we want it to make us better people.

GRANT: It’s really a profound way to look at running.  It’s nice to see people writing about the way that running has affected their lives and their work.  It’s deep, but it’s very relatable.  Here’s another section and then I’ll stop quoting him:

“What do I think about when I’m running?  I don’t have a clue.  On cold days I guess I think a little about how cold it is.  And about the heat on hot days.  When I’m sad I think a little about sadness.  When I’m happy I think a little about happiness.  As I mentioned before, random memories come to me too.  And occasionally, hardly ever, really, I get an idea to use in a novel.  But really as I run, I don’t think much of anything worth mentioning.  I just run.  I run in a void.  Or maybe I should put it the other way:  I run in order to acquire a void.  But as you might expect, an occasional thought will slip into this void.  People’s minds can’t be a complete blank.  Human beings’ emotions are not strong or consistent enough to sustain a vacuum.  What I mean is, the kinds of thoughts and ideas that invade my emotions as I run remain subordinate to that void.  Lacking content, they are just random thoughts that gather around that central void.  The thoughts that occur to me while I”m running are like clouds in the sky.  Clouds of all different sizes.  They come and they go, while the sky remains the same sky as always.  The clouds are mere guests in the sky that pass away and vanish, leaving behind the sky.  The sky both exists and doesn’t exist.  It has substance and at the same time doesn’t.  And we merely accept that vast expanse and drink it in.”

VICKY:  I like that a lot. A book about running that makes you think on a whole different level. It sounds like it’s almost meditative non?

GRANT:  Yes, for sure and for me this is what trail running is as well.  I can’t bang out KMs on pavement, but when you are up in the hills and dancing over rock and through mud your mind will not wander.  It will be focused on the steps ahead of you (or else you’ll fall).  When you are moving like as if past and future have no place and there is only the now.  This is what I enjoy about trail running.

VICKY:  We’ve read a lot of books about running, but it doesn’t get expressed in this way very often, if ever.

GRANT:  Exactly and sadly true.  I don’t want to just read and write about books on how to shave a minute off your 10K (not that that is not an admirable goal), but what I enjoy about running, reading and writing is the search for meaning.

VICKY:  Agreed and this is why everyone will see a change in the blog. I mean we’ve always had quotes at the beginning of our blog and it’s always been a bit cooky at times. However, we’ve matured over the years with iRun and I think we’re going in a different direction and bringing a new dimension to it.

GRANT: Definetly, but can we write one of these every two weeks?

VICKY: Absolutely! I get inspired every day on my way home from work. I usually take the back roads and nature inspires me. Same for you when you bike to and from work. I think we’re in good space for this new adventure.

Watermelon mojito popsicles

I was over at Renee’s house last week, dropping off her spare house key, which I had held on to for about a month after babysitting her cat for a few days (it’s a long story). Renee was eating one of these popsicles when I walked in and offered one to me. Readers, you know that I’m not the kind of girl to turn down a cocktail let alone a cocktail-based popsicle. These were delicious.

Ingredients

– watermelon, enough to produce two cups of juice

– 2 Tbsp honey

– 1/2 cup lime juice (about 4)

– 1/4 cup mint, chopped

– 1/4 cup club soda

– 1/4 cup rum

Directions

1. Chop the watermelon into chunks and remove seeds. Put the watermelon chunks in a blender and blend until smooth. Strain blended watermelon using a fine mesh colander or cheesecloth, reserving the juice.

2. Blend 2 cups of the watermelon juice, honey, lime juice and mint.

3. Stir in club soda and rum. Pour in to popsicle molds. Freeze. (Renee says there was extra popsicle liquid – drink it to reward yourself for your hard work!)

4. Enjoy!

Reid Coolaset 2:10:32

Meet him at the Scotiabank Toronto Waterfront Marathon after running Marathon Flame from the Beach to Direct Energy Centre, where the expo was held. Also had to get my pic with Eric Gillis (2:11:28).
To complete Canada’s Olympic Marathoners I missed Dylan Wylkes (but I did meet him at the 2007 Scotiabank Toronto Marathon press conference, he won’t remember me, but I did talk to him.